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我企鹅qun里的小伙伴最近问我python中有没有3D绘图命令~

确实这个很实用~很多情况下,

为了能够观察到数据之间的内部的关系,

可以使用绘图来更好的显示规律。

比如在下面的几张动图中,

使用matplotlib中的三维显示命令

使得我们可以对于logistic回归网络的性能与相关参数有了更好的理解。



下面的动图显示了在训练网络时,

不同的学习速率对于算法收敛之间的影响。



下面给出了绘制这些动态曲线的相关的python指令:

➤01 3D plot

1.基本语法

在安装matplotlib之后,自动安装有 mpl_toolkits.mplot3d。

#Importing Librariesimport matplotlib.pyplot as pltfrom mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import axes3d #3D Plottingfig = plt.figure()ax = plt.axes(projection="3d") #Labelingax.set_xlabel('X Axes')ax.set_ylabel('Y Axes')ax.set_zlabel('Z Axes') plt.show()

2.Python Cmd

使用pythoncmd 插入相应的语句。

3.举例

(1) Ex1

#!/usr/local/bin/python# -*- coding: gbk -*-#******************************# TEST2.PY                     -- by Dr. ZhuoQing 2020-11-16## Note:#****************************** from headm import *from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import axes3d ax = plt.axes(projection='3d')x = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]y = [2,3,4,6,7,8,9,5,1]z = [5,6,2,4,8,6,5,6,1] ax.plot3D(x,y,z)ax.set_xlabel('X Axes')ax.set_ylabel('Y Axes')ax.set_zlabel('Z Axes') plt.show() #------------------------------------------------------------#        END OF FILE : TEST2.PY#******************************

▲ 3D plot的演示

(2) Ex2

from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import axes3d ax = plt.axes(projection='3d') angle = linspace(0, 2*pi*5, 400)x = cos(angle)y = sin(angle)z = linspace(0, 5, 400) ax.plot3D(x,y,z)ax.set_xlabel('X Axes')ax.set_ylabel('Y Axes')ax.set_zlabel('Z Axes') plt.show()

▲ 3D绘制的例子

(3) Ex3

import matplotlib as mplfrom mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3Dimport numpy as npimport matplotlib.pyplot as plt mpl.rcParams['legend.fontsize'] = 10 fig = plt.figure()ax = fig.gca(projection='3d')theta = np.linspace(-4 * np.pi, 4 * np.pi, 100)z = np.linspace(-2, 2, 100)r = z**2 + 1x = r * np.sin(theta)y = r * np.cos(theta)ax.plot(x, y, z, label='parametric curve')ax.legend() plt.show()

➤02 绘制Scatter

利用和上面的相同的绘制命令,

将原来的plot3D修改成为 scatter即可。

from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import axes3d ax = plt.axes(projection='3d') angle = linspace(0, 2*pi*5, 40)x = cos(angle)y = sin(angle)z = linspace(0, 5, 40) ax.scatter(x,y,z, color='b')ax.set_xlabel('X Axes')ax.set_ylabel('Y Axes')ax.set_zlabel('Z Axes') plt.show()


▲ Scatter 的例子


➤03 绘制3D Surface

(1) Ex1

▲ 3D surface例子

#!/usr/local/bin/python# -*- coding: gbk -*-#******************************# TEST2.PY                     -- by Dr. ZhuoQing 2020-11-16## Note:#****************************** from headm import *from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import axes3d ax = plt.axes(projection='3d') x = arange(-5, 5, 0.1)y = arange(-5, 5, 0.1)x,y = meshgrid(x, y)R = sqrt(x**2+y**2)z = sin(R) ax.plot_surface(x, y, z)ax.set_xlabel('X Axes')ax.set_ylabel('Y Axes')ax.set_zlabel('Z Axes') plt.show() #------------------------------------------------------------#        END OF FILE : TEST2.PY#******************************


▲ 3D 绘制Surface


▲ 绘制3D球表面

(2) 举例

'''***********3D surface (color map)***********Demonstrates plotting a 3D surface colored with the coolwarm color map.The surface is made opaque by using antialiased=False.Also demonstrates using the LinearLocator and custom formatting for thez axis tick labels.''' from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3Dimport matplotlib.pyplot as pltfrom matplotlib import cmfrom matplotlib.ticker import LinearLocator, FormatStrFormatterimport numpy as np fig = plt.figure()ax = fig.gca(projection='3d') # Make data.X = np.arange(-5, 5, 0.25)Y = np.arange(-5, 5, 0.25)X, Y = np.meshgrid(X, Y)R = np.sqrt(X**2 + Y**2)Z = np.sin(R) # Plot the surface.surf = ax.plot_surface(X, Y, Z, cmap=cm.coolwarm,                       linewidth=0, antialiased=False) # Customize the z axis.ax.set_zlim(-1.01, 1.01)ax.zaxis.set_major_locator(LinearLocator(10))ax.zaxis.set_major_formatter(FormatStrFormatter('%.02f')) # Add a color bar which maps values to colors.fig.colorbar(surf, shrink=0.5, aspect=5) plt.show()


▲ 彩色表面绘制

是不是感觉很实用呢?

家人们赶紧三连起来叭~ ~ ~