Linux系统之安装PostgreSQL数据库

  • 一、PostgreSQL介绍
    • 1.PostgreSQL简介
    • 2.PostgreSQL特点
  • 二、本次实践介绍
    • 1.本次实践介绍
    • 2.实践环境介绍
  • 三、配置PostgreSQL的yum仓库源
    • 1.检查本地是否部署PostgreSQL
    • 2.配置镜像源
    • 3.检查yum仓库镜像源状态
  • 四、安装PostgreSQL
    • 1.安装PostgreSQL
    • 2.初始化数据库
    • 3.启动PostgreSQL数据库
    • 4.检查PostgreSQL数据库状态
  • 五、PostgreSQL的基本命令
    • 1.查看PostgreSQL相关文件
    • 2.PostgreSQL的相关命令
  • 六、修改用户密码
    • 1.切换postgres用户
    • 2.登录PostgreSQL数据库
    • 3.修改PostgreSQL数据库用户密码
  • 七、配置PostgreSQL远程访问
    • 1.配置远程访问
    • 2.重启PostgreSQL服务
    • 3.远程连接PostgreSQL数据库

一、PostgreSQL介绍

1.PostgreSQL简介

PostgreSQL (也叫 Postgres) 是一个自由的对象 – 关系数据库服务器 (数据库管理系统)，它在灵活的 BSD – 风格许可证下发行。它提供了相对其他开放源代码数据库系统 (比如 MySQL 和 Firebird)，和对专有系统比如 Oracle、Sybase、IBM 的 DB2 和 Microsoft SQL Server 的一种选择。

2.PostgreSQL特点

  • 它是ORDBMS（面向对象的关系数据库管理系统）。
  • 外键引用完整性
  • 用户自定义的类型
  • 表的继承性
  • 视图、规则、子查询
  • 多版本并发控制(MVCC)
  • 复杂的锁定机制
  • 异步复制
  • 流式复制（从9.0开始）
  • 嵌套事务（保存点）

二、本次实践介绍

1.本次实践介绍

从小白视角，以最快速度在LInux系统上部署一个简单的PostgreSQL数据库。

2.实践环境介绍

hostnameIP地址操作系统版本PostgreSQL版本
jeven192.168.3.166centos 7.613.10

三、配置PostgreSQL的yum仓库源

1.检查本地是否部署PostgreSQL

检查本地环境是否部署过PostgreSQL

[root@jeven ~]# rpm -qa | grep postgres[root@jeven ~]#

2.配置镜像源

配置PostgreSQL的yum仓库源，使用的是阿里提供的镜像源。

[root@jeven ~]# rpm -Uvh https://mirrors.aliyun.com/postgresql/repos/yum/reporpms/EL-7-x86_64/pgdg-redhat-repo-latest.noarch.rpmRetrieving https://mirrors.aliyun.com/postgresql/repos/yum/reporpms/EL-7-x86_64/pgdg-redhat-repo-latest.noarch.rpmwarning: /var/tmp/rpm-tmp.kcnTVa: Header V4 DSA/SHA1 Signature, key ID 442df0f8: NOKEYPreparing...################################# [100%]Updating / installing... 1:pgdg-redhat-repo-42.0-32 ################################# [100%][root@jeven ~]# sed -i "s@https://download.postgresql.org/pub@https://mirrors.aliyun.com/postgresql@g" /etc/yum.repos.d/pgdg-redhat-all.repo[root@jeven ~]# 
sed -i "s@https://download.postgresql.org/pub@https://mirrors.aliyun.com/postgresql@g" /etc/yum.repos.d/pgdg-redhat-all.repo

生成缓存

yum clean cacheyum makecache

3.检查yum仓库镜像源状态

[root@jeven yum.repos.d]# yum repolist all |grep enable base/7/x86_64 CentOS-7 - Base - mirr enabled: 10,072docker-ce-stable/7/x86_64 Docker CE Stable - x86 enabled:211elrepoELRepo.org Community E enabled:157epel/x86_64 Extra Packages for Ent enabled: 13,770extras/7/x86_64 CentOS-7 - Extras - mi enabled:515mysql-connectors-community/x86_64 MySQL Connectors Commu enabled:213mysql-tools-community/x86_64MySQL Tools Communityenabled: 96mysql57-community/x86_64MySQL 5.7 Community Se enabled:642pgdg-common/7/x86_64PostgreSQL common RPMs enabled:396pgdg11/7/x86_64 PostgreSQL 11 for RHEL enabled:1,453pgdg12/7/x86_64 PostgreSQL 12 for RHEL enabled:1,071pgdg13/7/x86_64 PostgreSQL 13 for RHEL enabled:823pgdg14/7/x86_64 PostgreSQL 14 for RHEL enabled:552pgdg15/7/x86_64 PostgreSQL 15 for RHEL enabled:263remi-safe Safe Remi's RPM reposi enabled:5,134updates/7/x86_64CentOS-7 - Updates - m enabled:4,857

四、安装PostgreSQL

1.安装PostgreSQL

使用yum直接PostgreSQL13的版本

[root@jeven yum.repos.d]# yum -y install postgresql13-serverLoaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacksLoading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * elrepo: hkg.mirror.rackspace.com * remi-safe: ftp.riken.jpResolving Dependencies--> Running transaction check---> Package postgresql13-server.x86_64 0:13.10-1PGDG.rhel7 will be installed--> Processing Dependency: postgresql13-libs(x86-64) = 13.10-1PGDG.rhel7 for package: postgresql13-server-13.10-1PGDG.rhel7.x86_64--> Processing Dependency: postgresql13(x86-64) = 13.10-1PGDG.rhel7 for package: postgresql13-server-13.10-1PGDG.rhel7.x86_64--> Processing Dependency: libpq.so.5()(64bit) for package: postgresql13-server-13.10-1PGDG.rhel7.x86_64--> Running transaction check---> Package postgresql13.x86_64 0:13.10-1PGDG.rhel7 will be installed---> Package postgresql13-libs.x86_64 0:13.10-1PGDG.rhel7 will be installed--> Finished Dependency ResolutionDependencies Resolved================================================================================================================================================== PackageArchVersion Repository Size==================================================================================================================================================Installing: postgresql13-serverx86_6413.10-1PGDG.rhel7 pgdg135.4 MInstalling for dependencies: postgresql13 x86_6413.10-1PGDG.rhel7 pgdg131.4 M postgresql13-libsx86_6413.10-1PGDG.rhel7 pgdg13385 kTransaction Summary==================================================================================================================================================Install1 Package (+2 Dependent packages)Total download size: 7.1 MInstalled size: 31 MDownloading packages:warning: /var/cache/yum/x86_64/7/pgdg13/packages/postgresql13-libs-13.10-1PGDG.rhel7.x86_64.rpm: Header V4 DSA/SHA1 Signature, key ID 442df0f8: NOKEYPublic key for postgresql13-libs-13.10-1PGDG.rhel7.x86_64.rpm is not installed(1/3): postgresql13-libs-13.10-1PGDG.rhel7.x86_64.rpm| 385 kB00:00:00 (2/3): postgresql13-13.10-1PGDG.rhel7.x86_64.rpm | 1.4 MB00:00:01 (3/3): postgresql13-server-13.10-1PGDG.rhel7.x86_64.rpm| 5.4 MB00:00:02 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total 2.6 MB/s | 7.1 MB00:00:02 Retrieving key from file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-PGDGImporting GPG key 0x442DF0F8: Userid : "PostgreSQL RPM Building Project " Fingerprint: 68c9 e2b9 1a37 d136 fe74 d176 1f16 d2e1 442d f0f8 Package: pgdg-redhat-repo-42.0-32.noarch (installed) From : /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-PGDGRunning transaction checkRunning transaction testTransaction test succeededRunning transactionWarning: RPMDB altered outside of yum.Installing : postgresql13-libs-13.10-1PGDG.rhel7.x86_64 1/3 Installing : postgresql13-13.10-1PGDG.rhel7.x86_642/3 Installing : postgresql13-server-13.10-1PGDG.rhel7.x86_64 3/3 Verifying: postgresql13-server-13.10-1PGDG.rhel7.x86_64 1/3 Verifying: postgresql13-13.10-1PGDG.rhel7.x86_642/3 Verifying: postgresql13-libs-13.10-1PGDG.rhel7.x86_64 3/3 Installed:postgresql13-server.x86_64 0:13.10-1PGDG.rhel7Dependency Installed:postgresql13.x86_64 0:13.10-1PGDG.rhel7 postgresql13-libs.x86_64 0:13.10-1PGDG.rhel7Complete!

2.初始化数据库

初始化PostgreSQL数据库

[root@jeven ~]# postgresql-13-setup initdbInitializing database ... OK

3.启动PostgreSQL数据库

启动PostgreSQL数据库，并设置开机自启。

[root@jeven ~]# systemctl enable postgresql-13[root@jeven ~]# systemctl start postgresql-13[root@jeven ~]#

4.检查PostgreSQL数据库状态

检查当前PostgreSQL服务状态

[root@jeven ~]# systemctl status postgresql-13.service ● postgresql-13.service - PostgreSQL 13 database server Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/postgresql-13.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled) Active: active (running) since Mon 2023-03-27 21:07:33 CST; 1min 34s ago Docs: https://www.postgresql.org/docs/13/static/Process: 13256 ExecStartPre=/usr/pgsql-13/bin/postgresql-13-check-db-dir ${PGDATA} (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Main PID: 13264 (postmaster)Tasks: 8 Memory: 17.6M CGroup: /system.slice/postgresql-13.service ├─13264 /usr/pgsql-13/bin/postmaster -D /var/lib/pgsql/13/data/ ├─13266 postgres: logger├─13268 postgres: checkpointer├─13269 postgres: background writer├─13270 postgres: walwriter├─13271 postgres: autovacuum launcher├─13272 postgres: stats collector└─13273 postgres: logical replication launcher Mar 27 21:07:33 jeven systemd[1]: Starting PostgreSQL 13 database server...Mar 27 21:07:33 jeven postmaster[13264]: 2023-03-27 21:07:33.325 CST [13264] LOG:redirecting log output to logging collector processMar 27 21:07:33 jeven postmaster[13264]: 2023-03-27 21:07:33.325 CST [13264] HINT:Future log output will appear in directory "log".Mar 27 21:07:33 jeven systemd[1]: Started PostgreSQL 13 database server.

五、PostgreSQL的基本命令

1.查看PostgreSQL相关文件

检查PostgreSQL服务端的所有相关文件所在目录

rpm -ql postgresql13-server

检查PostgreSQL客户端的所有相关文件所在目录

rpm -ql postgresql13

2.PostgreSQL的相关命令

PostgreSQL的所有相关命令文件

[root@jeven ~]# /usr/pgsql-13/bin/clusterdb pg_basebackup pg_dumpallpg_test_timingpostmastercreatedbpgbench pg_isreadypg_upgradepsqlcreateuserpg_checksumspg_receivewal pg_verifybackup reindexdbdropdbpg_config pg_resetwal pg_waldumpvacuumdbdropuserpg_controldatapg_restorepostgresinitdbpg_ctlpg_rewind postgresql-13-check-db-dirpg_archivecleanup pg_dump pg_test_fsync postgresql-13-setup

六、修改用户密码

1.切换postgres用户

切换postgres用户

[root@jeven ~]# su - postgres-bash-4.2$

2.登录PostgreSQL数据库

登录后，提示符变为 ‘postgres=#’

[root@jeven ~]# su - postgres-bash-4.2$ psql -U postgrespsql (13.10)Type "help" for help.postgres=#

3.修改PostgreSQL数据库用户密码

修改PostgreSQL数据库用户密码

postgres=# ALTER USER postgres WITH PASSWORD 'postgres';ALTER ROLE

七、配置PostgreSQL远程访问

1.配置远程访问

修改/var/lib/pgsql/13/data/postgresql.conf配置文件，开启远程访问。
删除localhost，改为监听所有，或者自己指定的服务器IP地址。

-bash-4.2$ grep listen /var/lib/pgsql/13/data/postgresql.conflisten_addresses = '*'# what IP address(es) to listen on;

修改/var/lib/pgsql/13/data/pg_hba.conf文件，新增以下两行：

hostallall127.0.0.1/32identhostallall0.0.0.0/0md5

2.重启PostgreSQL服务

重启PostgreSQL服务

 systemctl restart postgresql-13.service

3.远程连接PostgreSQL数据库

使用psql命令远程连接PostgreSQL数据库

[root@jeven ~]# psql -h192.168.3.166-Upostgres -WPassword: psql (13.10)Type "help" for help.postgres=# \lList of databases Name|Owner | Encoding | Collate |Ctype| Access privileges -----------+----------+----------+-------------+-------------+----------------------- postgres| postgres | UTF8 | en_US.UTF-8 | en_US.UTF-8 |template0 | postgres | UTF8 | en_US.UTF-8 | en_US.UTF-8 | =c/postgres+ ||| | | postgres=CTc/postgres template1 | postgres | UTF8 | en_US.UTF-8 | en_US.UTF-8 | =c/postgres+ ||| | | postgres=CTc/postgres(3 rows)postgres=#