一、Post请求

1、使用python发送一个Post请求

有时候遇到请求url中有很多参数。

1.1 示例1

accounts和pwd请到http://shop-xo.hctestedu.com/注册。

import requests# 请求体data = {"accounts": "xx","pwd": "xxx","type": "username"}# 只有php项目需要application和application_client_type# 写法一, 在请求Url中带上所有参数,application和application_client_type,用&隔开response = requests.post(url="http://shop-xo.hctestedu.com/index.php?""s=api/user/login""&application=app""&applicaiton_client_type=weixin", json=data)# 输出响应结果print(response.text)

执行结果:

{"msg":"登录成功","code":0,"data":{"id":"7073","username":"xx","nickname":"","mobile":"","email":"","avatar":"http:\/\/shop-xo.hctestedu.com\/static\/index\/default\/images\/default-user-avatar.jpg","alipay_openid":"","weixin_openid":"","weixin_unionid":"","weixin_web_openid":"","baidu_openid":"","toutiao_openid":"","qq_openid":"","qq_unionid":"","integral":"189","locking_integral":"0","referrer":"0","add_time":"1646195490","add_time_text":"2022-03-02 12:31:30","mobile_security":"","email_security":"","user_name_view":"xx","is_mandatory_bind_mobile":0,"token":"xxxxxx"}}

1.2 示例2

使用不定长参数 params,将url中需要的参数单独封装。

import requests# 请求体data = {"accounts": "xx","pwd": "xxx","type": "username"}# 使用不定长参数paramsparam_data = {"application": "app","application_client_type": "weixin"}# 写法2:使用不定长参数paramsresponse = requests.post(url="http://shop-xo.hctestedu.com/index.php?" "s=api/user/login", params=param_data, json=data)# 输出响应结果print(response.text)

执行结果:

{"msg":"登录成功","code":0,"data":{"id":"22299","username":"xx","nickname":"","mobile":"","email":"","avatar":"http:\/\/shop-xo.hctestedu.com\/static\/index\/default\/images\/default-user-avatar.jpg","alipay_openid":"","weixin_openid":"","weixin_unionid":"","weixin_web_openid":"","baidu_openid":"","toutiao_openid":"","qq_openid":"","qq_unionid":"","integral":"0","locking_integral":"0","referrer":"0","add_time":"1678005098","add_time_text":"2023-03-05 16:31:38","mobile_security":"","email_security":"","user_name_view":"xx","is_mandatory_bind_mobile":0,"token":"xxxxx"}}

二、获取Response body

1、response.text

用type()查看response.text的类型,是str

import requests# 请求体data = {"accounts": "xx","pwd": "xxx","type": "username"}# 使用不定长参数paramsparam_data = {"application": "app","application_client_type": "weixin"}# 写法2:使用不定长参数paramsresponse = requests.post(url="http://shop-xo.hctestedu.com/index.php?" "s=api/user/login", params=param_data, json=data)# 输出响应结果print(response.text)print(type(response.text))

执行结果:

{"msg":"登录成功","code":0,"data":{"id":"22299","username":"xx","nickname":"","mobile":"","email":"","avatar":"http:\/\/shop-xo.hctestedu.com\/static\/index\/default\/images\/default-user-avatar.jpg","alipay_openid":"","weixin_openid":"","weixin_unionid":"","weixin_web_openid":"","baidu_openid":"","toutiao_openid":"","qq_openid":"","qq_unionid":"","integral":"0","locking_integral":"0","referrer":"0","add_time":"1678005098","add_time_text":"2023-03-05 16:31:38","mobile_security":"","email_security":"","user_name_view":"xx","is_mandatory_bind_mobile":0,"token":"xxxxx"}}

2、response.json()

用type()查看response.json()的类型,是dict

import requests# 请求体data = {"accounts": "xx","pwd": "xxx","type": "username"}# 使用不定长参数paramsparam_data = {"application": "app","application_client_type": "weixin"}# 写法2:使用不定长参数paramsresponse = requests.post(url="http://shop-xo.hctestedu.com/index.php?" "s=api/user/login", params=param_data, json=data)# 输出响应结果print(response.json())print(type(response.json()))

执行结果:

{"msg":"登录成功","code":0,"data":{"id":"22299","username":"xx","nickname":"","mobile":"","email":"","avatar":"http:\/\/shop-xo.hctestedu.com\/static\/index\/default\/images\/default-user-avatar.jpg","alipay_openid":"","weixin_openid":"","weixin_unionid":"","weixin_web_openid":"","baidu_openid":"","toutiao_openid":"","qq_openid":"","qq_unionid":"","integral":"0","locking_integral":"0","referrer":"0","add_time":"1678005098","add_time_text":"2023-03-05 16:31:38","mobile_security":"","email_security":"","user_name_view":"xx","is_mandatory_bind_mobile":0,"token":"xxxxx"}}

三、获取响应状态码:res.status_code

print(response.status_code)

执行结果:

200

更多状态码:

状态代码有三位数字组成,第一个数字定义了响应的类别,共分五种类别:1xx:指示信息--表示请求已接收,继续处理2xx:成功--表示请求已被成功接收、理解、接受3xx:重定向--要完成请求必须进行更进一步的操作4xx:客户端错误--请求有语法错误或请求无法实现5xx:服务器端错误--服务器未能实现合法的请求常见状态码:200 OK//客户端请求成功400 Bad Request//客户端请求有语法错误,不能被服务器所理解401 Unauthorized//请求未经授权,这个状态代码必须和WWW-Authenticate报头域一起使用403 Forbidden//服务器收到请求,但是拒绝提供服务404 Not Found//请求资源不存在,eg:输入了错误的URL500 Internal Server Error//服务器发生不可预期的错误503 Server Unavailable//服务器当前不能处理客户端的请求,一段时间后可能恢复正常

四、获取响应cookies:res.cookies

print(response.cookies)

执行结果:

<RequestsCookieJar[]>

五、获取响应headers:res.headers

print(response.headers)

执行结果:

{'Server': 'nginx', 'Date': 'Sun, 05 Mar 2023 10:04:02 GMT', 'Content-Type': 'application/json; charset=utf-8', 'Transfer-Encoding': 'chunked', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Set-Cookie': 'PHPSESSID=ul9qsgallg17d5am81q08pfhj0; path=/; HttpOnly', 'Expires': 'Thu, 19 Nov 1981 08:52:00 GMT', 'Cache-Control': 'no-store, no-cache, must-revalidate', 'Pragma': 'no-cache'}

六、获取响应结果原始内容:res.content

content,没有经过编译的,以字节的形式展示。而上述提到的text是编译过的。自动找到请求头中的编码格式,进行解析。

print(response.content)print(type(response.content))

执行结果:

b'{"msg":"\xe7\x99\xbb\xe5\xbd\x95\xe6\x88\x90\xe5\x8a\x9f","code":0,"data":{"id":"22299","username":"xxxxx","nickname":"","mobile":"","email":"","avatar":"http:\\/\\/shop-xo.hctestedu.com\\/static\\/index\\/default\\/images\\/default-user-avatar.jpg","alipay_openid":"","weixin_openid":"","weixin_unionid":"","weixin_web_openid":"","baidu_openid":"","toutiao_openid":"","qq_openid":"","qq_unionid":"","integral":"0","locking_integral":"0","referrer":"0","add_time":"1678005098","add_time_text":"2023-03-05 16:31:38","mobile_security":"","email_security":"","user_name_view":"xxxxx","is_mandatory_bind_mobile":0,"token":"d653d78ac417f65e1cd38c6f3e220341"}}'

content还支持手动的编码,例如使用utf-8编码,编码后的是str类型,json本质是一种字符串类型

resp = response.content.decode("utf-8")print(resp)print(type(resp))

执行结果:

{"msg":"登录成功","code":0,"data":{"id":"22299","username":"xxxxx","nickname":"","mobile":"","email":"","avatar":"http:\/\/shop-xo.hctestedu.com\/static\/index\/default\/images\/default-user-avatar.jpg","alipay_openid":"","weixin_openid":"","weixin_unionid":"","weixin_web_openid":"","baidu_openid":"","toutiao_openid":"","qq_openid":"","qq_unionid":"","integral":"0","locking_integral":"0","referrer":"0","add_time":"1678005098","add_time_text":"2023-03-05 16:31:38","mobile_security":"","email_security":"","user_name_view":"xxxxx","is_mandatory_bind_mobile":0,"token":"d653d78ac417f65e1cd38c6f3e220341"}}

七、获取响应结果:最原生的状态,对象在内存中的地址:res.raw

print(response.raw)print(type(response.raw))

执行结果:

八、解析响应数据

响应数据如下:

{"msg": "登录成功","code": 0,"data": {"id": "22299","username": "Summer","nickname": "","mobile": "","email": "","avatar": "http:\/\/shop-xo.hctestedu.com\/static\/index\/default\/images\/default-user-avatar.jpg","alipay_openid": "","weixin_openid": "","weixin_unionid": "","weixin_web_openid": "","baidu_openid": "","toutiao_openid": "","qq_openid": "","qq_unionid": "","integral": "0","locking_integral": "0","referrer": "0","add_time": "1678005098","add_time_text": "2023-03-05 16:31:38","mobile_security": "","email_security": "","user_name_view": "chengcheng","is_mandatory_bind_mobile": 0,"token": "d653d78ac417f65e1cd38c6f3e220341"}}

通常我们获取响应数据后,是需要进行结果验证的。例如,我想从登录接口的响应中拿到token,供后面的接口请求鉴权使用。

1、字典方式解析及其缺点

上面已经讲到,可以使用response.json()方法拿到一个字典。既然是字典,就可以用处理字典的方式来获取某个字段的值。

resp = response.json()token = resp["data"]["token"]print(token )

执行结果:

d653d78ac417f65e1cd38c6f3e220341

字典解析的缺点:如果接口数据异常,响应体缺少某个字段,就会发生keyerror,导致程序异常。

resp = response.json()token = resp["data"]["token1"]print(token )

执行结果:

Traceback (most recent call last):File "E:\Coding\python-workspace\Interface_test\first_requests.py", line 128, in token = resp["data"]["token1"]KeyError: 'token1'

2、Jsonpath表达式解析及其优点

上面的响应body结构比较简单,如果我们要解析特别复杂的响应体,通过字典方式就很复杂。这个时候更推荐jsonpath。需要引入jsonpath库。

import jsonpathresp = response.json()# 将返回值转换成字典格式token = jsonpath.jsonpath(resp, '$..token')# token的jsonpath表达式:$..tokenprint(token)

执行结果:

['d653d78ac417f65e1cd38c6f3e220341']

通过结果来看,获取到的token是只有一个元素的列表。我们要想拿到token通过下标访问。
修改上述代码:

import jsonpathresp = response.json()# 将返回值转换成字典格式token = jsonpath.jsonpath(resp, '$..token')# token的jsonpath表达式:$..tokenprint(token[0])

执行结果:

d653d78ac417f65e1cd38c6f3e220341

Jsonpath表达式解析的优点如果响应体缺少某个字段,通过Jsonpath表达式解析不到结果,就会返回False,永远不会发生异常。我们可根据返回结果进行后续处理。

import jsonpathresp = response.json()# 将返回值转换成字典格式# 使用错误的jsonpath表达式token = jsonpath.jsonpath(resp, '$..token1')# token的jsonpath表达式:$..token1if isinstance(token, List):print(f'可以解析到token,值为:{token[0]}')else:print(f'解析不到token,结果为:{token}')# 使用正确的jsonpath表达式token = jsonpath.jsonpath(resp, '$..token')# token的jsonpath表达式:$..tokenif isinstance(token, List):print(f'可以解析到token,值为:{token[0]}')else:print(f'解析不到token,结果为:{token}')

执行结果:

解析不到token,结果为:False可以解析到token,值为:d653d78ac417f65e1cd38c6f3e220341

3、如何知道自己写的jsonpath表达式是否正确呢?

jsonpath在线校验工具:http://jsonpath.com/
将response粘贴在Inputs区域,在JSONPath区域输入表达式,在Evaluation Results区域查看是否解析到期望的值。当解析不到值时,返回的是空列表(No match)
jsonpath表达式语法

九、获取请求的信息

print(f'请求url:{response.request.url}')print(f'请求方法:{response.request.method}')print(f'请求Header:{response.request.headers}')print(f'请求路径:{response.request.path_url}')

执行结果:

请求url:http://shop-xo.hctestedu.com/index.php" />十、json=data 和 data=data 参数区别 

接口电商项目后台代码(PHP)中,json=data以及data=data这2种参数类型都可以接收。在实际项目应用中,常见的报文格式是application/json。因此最常使用的是json=data

1、json=data

请求头默认为:Content-Type=application/json

url = 'http://shop-xo.hctestedu.com/index.php?s=api/user/login'res = requests.post(url=url, json=data, params=param_data)# 查看请求中的请求头信息,Content-Type=application/jsonprint(res.request.headers)print(res.text)

执行结果:

{'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.28.1', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Accept': '*/*', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Content-Length': '69', 'Content-Type': 'application/json'}{"msg":"登录成功","code":0,"data":{"id":"22299","username":"xxxxx","nickname":"","mobile":"","email":"","avatar":"http:\/\/shop-xo.hctestedu.com\/static\/index\/default\/images\/default-user-avatar.jpg","alipay_openid":"","weixin_openid":"","weixin_unionid":"","weixin_web_openid":"","baidu_openid":"","toutiao_openid":"","qq_openid":"","qq_unionid":"","integral":"0","locking_integral":"0","referrer":"0","add_time":"1678005098","add_time_text":"2023-03-05 16:31:38","mobile_security":"","email_security":"","user_name_view":"xxxxx","is_mandatory_bind_mobile":0,"token":"d653d78ac417f65e1cd38c6f3e220341"}}

2、data=data

请求头默认为:application/x-www-form-urlencoded

url = 'http://shop-xo.hctestedu.com/index.php?s=api/user/login'res = requests.post(url=url, data=data, params=param_data)# 查看请求中的请求头信息,Content-Type=application/x-www-form-urlencodedprint(res.request.headers)print(res.text)

执行结果:

{'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.28.1', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Accept': '*/*', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Content-Length': '50', 'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}{"msg":"登录成功","code":0,"data":{"id":"22299","username":"xxxxx","nickname":"","mobile":"","email":"","avatar":"http:\/\/shop-xo.hctestedu.com\/static\/index\/default\/images\/default-user-avatar.jpg","alipay_openid":"","weixin_openid":"","weixin_unionid":"","weixin_web_openid":"","baidu_openid":"","toutiao_openid":"","qq_openid":"","qq_unionid":"","integral":"0","locking_integral":"0","referrer":"0","add_time":"1678005098","add_time_text":"2023-03-05 16:31:38","mobile_security":"","email_security":"","user_name_view":"xxxxx","is_mandatory_bind_mobile":0,"token":"d653d78ac417f65e1cd38c6f3e220341"}}

3、设置请求头

如果是java项目,spring会将请求实体的内容自动转换为Bean,但前提是请求的Content-Type必须设置为application/json

在请求头中定义发送报文的格式

1、Content-Type: application/json

headers = {'Content-Type': 'application/json'# 'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}url = 'http://shop-xo.hctestedu.com/index.php?s=api/user/login'res = requests.post(url=url, params=param_data, json=data, headers=headers)print(res.request.headers)

执行结果:

{'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.28.1', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Accept': '*/*', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Content-Type': 'application/json', 'Content-Length': '50'}

2、Content-Type:application/x-www-form-urlencoded

headers = {# 'Content-Type': 'application/json''Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}url = 'http://shop-xo.hctestedu.com/index.php?s=api/user/login'res = requests.post(url=url, params=param_data, data=data, headers=headers)print(res.request.headers)

执行结果:

{'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.28.1', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Accept': '*/*', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded', 'Content-Length': '69'}

十一、Json和字典数据转换

1、json.dumps(),将字典转换成Json

使用json.dumps()可以将字典转换成Json

test = {"msg": "登录成功","code": 0,"data": {"id": "22299","username": "Summer","nickname": "","mobile": "","email": "","avatar": "http:\/\/shop-xo.hctestedu.com\/static\/index\/default\/images\/default-user-avatar.jpg","alipay_openid": "","weixin_openid": "","weixin_unionid": "","weixin_web_openid": "","baidu_openid": "","toutiao_openid": "","qq_openid": "","qq_unionid": "","integral": "0","locking_integral": "0","referrer": "0","add_time": "1678005098","add_time_text": "2023-03-05 16:31:38","mobile_security": "","email_security": "","user_name_view": "chengcheng","is_mandatory_bind_mobile": 0,"token": "d653d78ac417f65e1cd38c6f3e220341"}}print(type(test))print(json.dumps(test))print(type(json.dumps(test)))

执行结果:

{"msg": "\u767b\u5f55\u6210\u529f", "code": 0, "data": {"id": "22299", "username": "Summer", "nickname": "", "mobile": "", "email": "", "avatar": "http:\\/\\/shop-xo.hctestedu.com\\/static\\/index\\/default\\/images\\/default-user-avatar.jpg", "alipay_openid": "", "weixin_openid": "", "weixin_unionid": "", "weixin_web_openid": "", "baidu_openid": "", "toutiao_openid": "", "qq_openid": "", "qq_unionid": "", "integral": "0", "locking_integral": "0", "referrer": "0", "add_time": "1678005098", "add_time_text": "2023-03-05 16:31:38", "mobile_security": "", "email_security": "", "user_name_view": "chengcheng", "is_mandatory_bind_mobile": 0, "token": "d653d78ac417f65e1cd38c6f3e220341"}}

2、json.loads(),将Json转换成字典

使用json.loads()可以将Json转换成字典

print(json.loads(json.dumps(test)))print(type(json.loads(json.dumps(test))))

执行结果:

{'msg': '登录成功', 'code': 0, 'data': {'id': '22299', 'username': 'Summer', 'nickname': '', 'mobile': '', 'email': '', 'avatar': 'http:\\/\\/shop-xo.hctestedu.com\\/static\\/index\\/default\\/images\\/default-user-avatar.jpg', 'alipay_openid': '', 'weixin_openid': '', 'weixin_unionid': '', 'weixin_web_openid': '', 'baidu_openid': '', 'toutiao_openid': '', 'qq_openid': '', 'qq_unionid': '', 'integral': '0', 'locking_integral': '0', 'referrer': '0', 'add_time': '1678005098', 'add_time_text': '2023-03-05 16:31:38', 'mobile_security': '', 'email_security': '', 'user_name_view': 'chengcheng', 'is_mandatory_bind_mobile': 0, 'token': 'd653d78ac417f65e1cd38c6f3e220341'}}

3、json格式报文发送

方法一:参数是data,值:将字典data转换成json

url = 'http://shop-xo.hctestedu.com/index.php?s=api/user/login'headers = {'Content-Type': 'application/json'}res = requests.post(url=url, data=json.dumps(data), headers=headers)print(res.text)

方法二:参数是json,值:字典data

url = 'http://shop-xo.hctestedu.com/index.php?s=api/user/login'res = requests.post(url=url, json=data)print(res.text)print(res.json())print(type(res.json()))assert "登录成功" == res.json()['msg']

十二、获取接口响应时间

url = 'http://shop-xo.hctestedu.com/index.php?s=api/user/login'res = requests.post(url=url, json=data)print(res.text)# 获取接口响应时间,单位秒print(r.elapsed.total_seconds())

执行结果:

{"msg":"登录成功","code":0,"data":{"body_html":""}}0.078264

十三、接口调用失败处理

同一个用例中有多个接口调用,一个接口调用失败如何防止程序终止?
用于判断接口请求的状态码是否为200,如果是,则返回none,如果不是则返回异常。
调用接口时结合try…except进行使用。

# 模拟接口404,使用不存在的request url: login1url = 'http://shop-xo.hctestedu.com/index.php?s=api/user/login1'res = requests.post(url=url, json=data)try:assert 200 == res.status_codeexcept:# 异常处理1:直接跳过,可继续执行后面代码# pass# 异常处理2:打印详细异常信息print(res.status_code)res.raise_for_status()else:print(res.text)

执行结果:

404Traceback (most recent call last):File "E:\Coding\python-workspace\Interface_test\first_requests.py", line 220, in assert 200 == res.status_codeAssertionErrorDuring handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:Traceback (most recent call last):File "E:\Coding\python-workspace\Interface_test\first_requests.py", line 226, in res.raise_for_status()File "D:\Developer\Python\Python310\lib\site-packages\requests\models.py", line 1021, in raise_for_statusraise HTTPError(http_error_msg, response=self)requests.exceptions.HTTPError: 404 Client Error: Not Found for url: http://shop-xo.hctestedu.com/index.php?s=api/user/login1

十四、接口超时

url = 'http://shop-xo.hctestedu.com/index.php?s=api/user/login'try:res = requests.post(url=url, json=data, timeout=0.01)# timeout,单位秒except (TimeoutError, ReadTimeout, ConnectTimeout):# ConnectTimeout:指的是建立连接所用的时间,适用于网络状况正常的情况下,两端连接所用的时间。# ReadTimeout:指的是建立连接后从服务器读取到可用资源所用的时间。print("发生错误,请稍后重试")else:# 获取接口响应时间,单位秒print(res.elapsed.total_seconds())print(res.text)

执行结果:

发生错误,请稍后重试

当把timeout改成0.1,执行结果:

0.07419{"msg":"登录成功","code":0,"data":{"body_html":""}}